The (CO2) is not significant for the average molecular kinetic movement, which has caused heat in the atmosphere for the past 400,000 years.

The (CO2) is not significant for the average molecular kinetic movement, which has caused heat in the atmosphere for the past 400,000 years. 

Author; Rogelio Pérez Casadiego

Summary; The problem of climate change is mainly due to the increase in the temperature of the planet. The theory of climate change, teaches that heat on earth originates mainly after the solar constant, due to a greenhouse effect, caused by greenhouse gases, which absorb and retain infrared energy (heat), so the problem of the increase in temperature on the planet, is described as a result of the increase in greenhouse gases, which increases the greenhouse effect (increases heat retention). But this is contrary to thermodynamic science, because the temperature of the atmosphere is the measurement of the average kinetic movement of its molecules, So the increase in temperature in gases such as the atmosphere is not due to infrared retention, but to the increase in atmospheric molecular motion, In addition, the increase in temperature is always the product of the transformation of other energies, in the case of the atmosphere it is the product of the increase in the kinetic energy of its molecules, Now the kinetic movement that causes heat in the atmosphere is not just the molecules of the atmosphere known as greenhouse gases. 

The Charles Gas Law also teaches us that the temperature of an ideal gas (atmosphere) is directly proportional to its volume. This is consistent with the definition of temperature, which is the measure of the kinetic movement of all the molecules of a gas of a given volume, and not only of small amounts of elements such as CO2, in the great mixture (volume) that is the atmosphere.

Another mistake is to consider that the average velocities of the earth's atoms (infrared of the earth) can be retained or measured in the atmosphere, because heat always needs a body, so it cannot be retained outside a body that absorb it. in relation to the absorption of infrared by the gases of the atmosphere, 99.9% (Nitrogen 78%. Oxygen 21%, Argon 0.9% = 99.9%) of the atmosphere does not absorb infrared (heat), so the infrared does not originate an increase in the speeds of the molecules of the atmosphere, to produce an increase in temperature. if this happened, then the increase in the temperature in the atmosphere would be self-sufficient and unstoppable, because the gases in the atmosphere would not only absorb the infrared (heat) emitted by the earth, but also its own infrared (heat) emitted by the kinetic movement of their own molecules. In addition to the evidence of 5 sigma or 99.97%, that CO2 has not had any influence on the process of temperature increase, as a consequence of the increase in the molecular kinetic movement of the atmosphere, being only between 200 and 280 parts in 1,000.000 during the last 400,000 years.

Figure 1. Relationship of the sigma level and the amount of CO2 in the atmosphere.

Introduction.The world is under the effects of global warming, which we also understand under the concept of climate change. The problem of climate change is mainly due to an increase in the temperature of the planet. The temperature of the planet can be understood mainly as the average speed of the molecules of the atmosphere, by the absorption of the energies emanated by the sun or another source. Then we understand that an increase in the speed of molecules, by an increase in energy absorption, could lead to an increase in the temperature of the planet, and cause global warming. The climatic theory teaches us that the average temperature of the planet after the solar constant would be -27ºC, but thanks not to the kinetic movement of all the molecules of the atmosphere, but only to the gases that absorb and retain heat, re-emitting it to the earth,(Greenhouse gases), the average temperature of the planet is 15 ° C, this process describes it as a greenhouse effect, and global warming describes it as an increase in the greenhouse effect, because of the increase in gases that cause this effect, due to human activity, and He points to fossil fuels as the main threat to the planet. 

New vision of the problem. When we observe, that 99.9% (Nitrogen 78%. Oxygen 21%, Argon 0.9% = 99.9%) of the atmosphere molecule, do not absorb infrared (heat), that heat in the atmosphere is a consequence of kinetic movement, 100% of all its molecules, and that the increase in temperature is always caused by the transformation of other types of energy other than infrared (heat), in the case of the atmosphere, the increase in the kinetic energy of the gas molecules. then we understand that the so-called greenhouse effect is not effective for heating the atmosphere, because the volume of the gases that absorb infrared (heat) is equivalent to only 0.04% of all the molecules in the atmosphere, based on the laws of charles for gases, the temperature of the atmosphere is directly proportional to the volume, and a trace as small as responsible for the temperature of the great mixture that is the atmosphere, is contrary to logic, thermodynamics and gas laws, whereby we understand that the kinetic movement of this small volume of gases, not only, is not significant for the planet's temperature, but that it will hardly cause an increase in temperature. 

This work is based on the scientific concepts of temperature, we also apply the sigma levels to the process of heat production (kinetic movement of the molecules) of the atmosphere, to conclude that CO2 has not been significant, for the increase in temperature of the planet during the last 400,000 years.

But oxygen (21%) of the gases in the atmosphere, by absorbing ultraviolet energy, increases the speed of its molecules, increasing the temperature in the planet's atmosphere, causing heat, in addition oxygen is a highly reactive gas, which It is the only gas in the atmosphere that by physicochemical processes (ionization) causes light and heat in the upper layers of the atmosphere, oxygen causes heat directly when it is ionized, because it converts the atmosphere into an electrical conductor, therefore increasing the kinetic energy of the molecules of the atmosphere, by the absorption of ultraviolet energy turns into heat, the Joule effect explains this, as an irreversible phenomenon whereby, if a conductor circulates electric current, part of the kinetic energy of electrons is transformed into heat. As the greatest amount of oxygen is found in the lower layer of the atmosphere, known as the troposphere, where ultraviolet energy is also present in all wavelengths, although in a smaller percentage the higher energy levels, this causes heat in the troposphere. 

Statement of Theory and Definitions.

Heat, q, is thermal energy transferred from a hotter system to a cooler system that are in contact. Temperature is a measure of the average kinetic energy of the atoms or molecules in the system. The zeroth law of thermodynamics says that no heat is transferred between two objects in thermal equilibrium; therefore, they are the same temperature.

We can calculate the heat released or absorbed using the specific heat capacity C, the mass of the substance, m, and the change in temperature, ΔT in the equation:     q=m×C×ΔT

Heat and temperature are two different but closely related concepts. Note that they have different units: temperature typically has units of degrees Celsius ($degreesC,$) or Kelvin ($K$), and heat has units of energy, Joules ($J$).

Temperature is a measure of the average kinetic energy of the atoms or molecules in the system. The water molecules in a cup of hot coffee have a higher average kinetic energy than the water molecules in a cup of iced tea, which also means they are moving at a higher velocity.

Temperature is also an intensive property, which means that the temperature doesn't change no matter how much of a substance you have (as long as it is all at the same temperature!). This is why chemists can use the melting point to help identify a pure substance$—$minus the temperature at which it melts is a property of the substance with no dependence on the mass of a sample. 2

The equipartition theorem relates the temperature of a system to its average energies. It makes quantitative predictions, provides the total kinetic and potential energies for a system at a given temperature, from which the heat capacity of the system can be calculated. However, the equipartition also provides the average values of individual energy components, such as the kinetic energy of a particular particle or the potential energy of a single spring. For example, it predicts that each atom in an ideal monoatomic gas has an average kinetic energy of (3/2) k B T in thermal equilibrium, where k B is Boltzmann's constant and Te the temperature (thermodynamics).
http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/Kinetic/eqpar.html

The temperature is a magnitude referred to the notion of heat measurable by means of a thermometer. In physics, it is defined as a scalar magnitude related to the internal energy of a thermodynamic system, defined by the zero principle of thermodynamics. More specifically, it is directly related to the part of the internal energy known as kinetic energy, which is the energy associated with the movements of the system particles, either in a translational, rotational sense, or in the form of vibrations. As the kinetic energy of a system increases, it is observed that it is "hotter"; that is, its temperature is higher. 

Thermal motion of an α-helical peptide. The jittery motion is random and complex, and the energy of any particular atom can fluctuate wildly. Nevertheless, the equipartition theorem allows the average kinetic energy of each atom to be computed, as well as the average potential energies of many vibrational modes. The grey, red and blue spheres represent atoms of carbon, oxygen and nitrogen, respectively; the smaller white spheres represent atoms of hydrogen. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equipartition_theorem

In mechanics, the virial theorem provides a general equation that relates the average over time of the total kinetic energy of a stable system of discrete particles, bound by potential forces, with that of the total potential energy of the system. Mathematically, the theorem states.3

for the total kinetic energy ⟨T⟩ of N particles, where Fk represents the force on the kth particle, which is located at position rk, and angle brackets represent the average over time of the enclosed quantity. The word virial for the right-hand side of the equation derives from vis, the Latin word for "force" or "energy",

The significance of the virial theorem is that it allows the average total kinetic energy to be calculated even for very complicated systems that defy an exact solution, such as those considered in statistical mechanics; this average total kinetic energy is related to the temperature of the system by the equipartition theorem. However, the virial theorem does not depend on the notion of temperature and holds even for systems that are not in thermal equilibrium. The virial theorem has been generalized in various ways, most notably to a tensor form.

If the force between any two particles of the system results from a potential energy V(r) = αrn that is proportional to some power n of the interparticle distance r, the virial theorem takes the simple form

Thus, twice the average total kinetic energy ⟨T⟩ equals n times the average total potential energy ⟨VTOT⟩. Whereas V(r) represents the potential energy between two particles; VTOT represents the total potential energy of the system, i.e., the sum of the potential energy V(r) over all pairs of particles in the system. A common example of such a system is a star held together by its own gravity, where n equals −1.

Although the virial theorem depends on averaging the total kinetic and potential energies, the presentation here postpones the averaging to the last step.

Figure 2. Molecular movement that causes infrared.

https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperatura

In the case of a solid, the movements in question turn out to be the vibrations of the particles at their sites within the solid. In the case of an ideal monoatomic gas it is the translational movements of its particles (for multiatomic gases the rotational and vibrational movements must also be taken into account)i 

Heat is sometimes called a process magnitude, because it is defined in the context of a process by which energy can be transferred. We do not say that a cup of coffee contains heat, but we can talk about the heat transferred from the cup of hot coffee to your hand. Heat is also an extensive property, so the temperature change that results from transferring heat to a system depends on how many molecules are in the system.ii 

The law of zero of thermodynamics says that no heat is transferred between two objects in thermal equilibrium; Therefore, they are at the same temperature.iii 

Six SIGMA is a process improvement methodology created at Motorola by the engineer Bill Smith in the 80s, this methodology is focused on reducing variability, reducing or eliminating defects or failures in the delivery of a product or customer service. 

From a statistical point of view Six sigma is a metric that allows measuring and describing a process, product or service with an extremely high process capacity (99.9997% accuracy). Six sigma means "six standard deviations from the mean", which translates mathematically to less than 3.4 defects per million opportunities (DPMO)iv 

What is sigma? 

Sigma (σ) is a statistical unit of measurement, used to define the standard deviation of a population, this measures the variation of a set of data and is calculated with the standard deviation. 

What is the sigma level? 

The sigma level is an indicator of variation which corresponds to how many standard deviations fit between the process specification limits. 

What is DPMO? 

It is the actual number of defects observed, extrapolated to every million defect opportunities. The first thing worth considering is that Defects Per Million Opportunities (DPMO). 

How is the DPMO calculated? 

The first step is to define the quality criteria or opportunities for defects; then a representative sample of units must be taken and measured against the quality criteria 

The DPMO is calculated according to the following formula: 

 

Where:

D = Number of defects observed in the sample.

U = Number of units in the sample (sample size).

O = Opportunities for defects per unit.

DPMO and Sigma Level

Depending on the objective level established as a goal by the company, a DPMO is related, for example, in Six sigma the objective is to make the DPMO lower than 3.4.

Once the DPMO has been obtained, the process performance (Yield) and the Sigma Level of the process can be found, using the following formulasv:

 

DPO = Defects by opportunity.

Yield = Process performance.
Figure 3. example of six sigma.

 

To know the Sigma Level (Process Sigma) we can look for the value of the Yield in the following table:

Figure 4. abbreviated six sigma process.

APPLICATION OF THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD FOR IMPROVING QUALITY What cannot be measured ... cannot be managed and therefore cannot be improved. Lord Kelvin formalized the need to measure a scientific fact in order to progress in his knowledge. 

“If you can measure what you are talking about, and if you can express it by a number, then you may think you know something; but if you can't measure it, your knowledge will be poor and unsatisfactory”vi 

In quality and reliability engineering, the scientific method can be applied to problem solving. That is, the empirical knowledge of a cause - effect relationship (model) that explains aspects such as failure, value of the quality characteristic obtained, etc. is sought. (observed phenomenon). For this, observed data are analyzed, in the same way that astronomers did to formulate the laws of celestial mechanics, and their compatibility with the proposed cause - effect relationship is contrasted. 

In the same way that current scientific research is not limited to the mere observation of phenomena and uses experimental techniques to force and test the model, in quality and reliability engineering we also make use of experimentation that allows us to draw conclusions . This experimentation can be supported by statistical tools that increase its effectiveness (statistical design of experiments). Six Sigma is based on the application of the scientific method to: ♦ Provide statistical evidence (data) that the supposed cause of the “problem” is really the “cause of the problem”. ♦ Idem in relation to the “solution of the problem.vii 

Terrestrial Atmosphere 

Surface pressure: 1014 mbSurface density: 1.217 kg/m3Scale height: 8.5 kmTotal mass of atmosphere: 5.1 x 1018 kgTotal mass of hydrosphere: 1.4 x 1021 kgAverage temperature: 288 K (15 C)Diurnal temperature range: 283 K to 293 K (10 to 20 C)Wind speeds: 0 to 100 m/sMean molecular weight: 28.97 Atmospheric composition (by volume, dry air): Major : 78.08% Nitrogen (N2), 20.95% Oxygen (O2), Minor (ppm): Argon (Ar) - 9340; Carbon Dioxide (CO2) - 410 Neon (Ne) - 18.18; Helium (He) - 5.24; CH4 - 1.7 Krypton (Kr) - 1.14; Hydrogen (H2) - 0.55 Numbers do not add up to exactly 100% due to roundoff and uncertainty Water is highly variable, typically makes up about 1%viii 

The ceaseless increase in carbon dioxide. 

the old air bubbles trapped in the ice allow us to go back in time and see what the Earth's atmosphere and climate was like in the distant past. They tell us that the levels of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the atmosphere are higher than they have been in the last 400,000 years. During glaciations, CO2 levels were around 200 parts per million (ppm), and during warmer interglacial periods, they ranged around 280 ppmix 

For more than 100 years, scientists knew the importance of solar energy in the heat of the air. The first to predict global warming: the Nobel Prize Svante Arrhenius for his work of 1896. The concept of the greenhouse effect began to appear at this time, as a retention of infrared radiation, the work of the Nobel Prize proposed an increase in temperature in 8ºC and 9ºC, for the Arctic areas if the amount of CO2 increased by 2-3 times its valuex. Today we know that the amount of CO2 emitted in the Arctic is 10 times more than estimated.xi 

Parts per million (ppm) is the unit frequently used to measure the volume that small quantities of elements (also called trace) occupy, within a mixture. 

Charles's Law (relationship between temperature and volume).Under isobaric conditions, the temperature of an ideal gas is directly proportional to its volumexii. 

For example: When liquid nitrogen (-196 ° C) is poured onto a balloon, the gas inside the balloon cools and the volume decreases. 

Figure 5. Example of Charles law.

 

Ionization It is the chemical or physical phenomenon by which ions are produced, these are electrically charged atoms or molecules due to the excess or lack of electrons with respect to a neutral atom or molecule.xiii 

The composition of the Earth's atmosphere. The planet's atmosphere is composed of 78% nitrogen, which is an inert gas that generally does not react with other substances. 21% oxygen, which is a highly reactive gas. 9% argon and 01% other gases. Almost all of the air (95%) is less than 30 km high, being more than 75% in the troposphere. The air forms a homogeneous mixture of gases in the troposphere to the point that its behavior is equivalent to what it would have if it were composed of a single gas. 

Ultraviolet radiation Ultraviolet radiation or UV radiation is called electromagnetic radiation whose wavelength is covered approximately between 400 nm (4x10-7 m) and 15 Nm (1.5x10-8 m). Most of the ultraviolet radiation that reaches the Earth is produced in the UV-C, UV-B and UV-A forms; mainly in the latter, due to absorption by the atmosphere. These ranges are related to the damage they produce in humans: UV-C (the most harmful to life) reaches the earth to be absorbed by oxygen, ozone in the atmosphere and a minimum percentage reaches the oceans; UV-B radiation is partially absorbed by ozone and only reaches the surface of the earth in a minimum percentage, although it can cause damage to the skin.xiv 

Increase in ultraviolet radiation NASA scientists who analyzed 30 years of satellite data found that the amount of ultraviolet (UV) radiation that reaches the earth's surface has increased significantly over the past three decades. Most of the increase has occurred in the middle and high latitudes, and there has been little or no increase in tropical regions.xv 

The researchers speculate that this increase in the flow of ultraviolet light may have been caused by depletion of the ozone layer, as a result of the increase in aerosols due to seasonal storms and fires in the area. In addition, there was a large solar flare only two weeks before a higher UV flow was recorded. Although the evidence that relates the solar event to the radiation record is only circumstantial, it is known that the particles of these eruptions affect atmospheric chemistry and may increase the depletion of the ozone layer.xvi 

Recently published research examines changes in ultraviolet (UV) radiation in Australia over a period of fifty years (1959-2009). The research found that there has been a total annual increase in ultraviolet radiation levels from 2 percent to 6 percent since the 1990s, to places throughout Australia.xvii

Presentation of Data and Results. 

Knowing that temperature is the measure of the average speed of the molecules or atoms of a body, in the atmosphere this process can be measured, because we know the number of parts per million, of each of the different gases that make up the atmosphere . 

This work tries to measure the influence of the molecules of the gas co2, in the average of the kinetic movement of the gas molecules of the atmosphere, in the last 400,000 years, based on the six sigma methodology for the processes, seeking to know the cause - effect, that explain aspects about how CO2 influenced the production of atmospheric heat in the past, through its quantity of molecules in this period of time, classifying the influence of CO2 gas molecules, in the total kinetic movement, which produces heat in the atmosphere, based on the sigma level. 

The first thing we will find is the DPMO Defects Per Million Opportunities. 

Starting from the idea that for every 1,000,000 gas molecules in the atmosphere, there have been between 200 and 280 CO2 molecules in the last 400,000 years. 

Figure 6. Amount of CO2 in the atmosphere.

 

In our work the DPMO is as follows:

D = 280 defects.

U = 1,000.000 units.

O = 1 opportunities.

DPMO= 1.000.000 X 280/ 1.000.000 X 1 = 280

under the conditions of the production process heat by the kinetic motion of the gas molecules in the atmosphere, you can be found 280 opportunities CO2 molecules in motion, per million moving molecules in the atmosphere. 

Once the DPMO has been obtained, the process performance (Yield) and the Sigma Level.


DPO = 280 / (1.000.000 x 1)

DPO = 0,00028

Yield % = (1 - 0,00028) x 100

Yield % = 99,972%

To know the Sigma Level (Process Sigma) we can look for the Yield value in the following table: that for the Yiel value of 99.97%, it is equivalent to 5 sigma levels.

Figure 7. abbreviated six sigma process for co2 

 

We can say that according to the value of the Yield in the performance of the process of the kinetic movement of gas molecules in the atmosphere, to produce heat in the atmosphere, without the influence of the kinetic movement of CO2 gas, during the last 400,000 years, it reaches the level of 5 sigma, or 99.97%. 

For those who believe that CO2 is responsible for the increase in the temperature in the atmosphere, from these data it can also be concluded that CO2 is not responsible for the temperature of the atmosphere with an accuracy of 99.97%. 

Conclusions In this work we conclude that the temperature in the atmosphere is a consequence of the kinetic movement of all the molecules of the atmosphere, and not the consequence of retention or absorption of heat from a small trace of gases in the atmosphere, known as greenhouse gases. 

It is also concluded that the kinetic movement that caused the temperature in the atmosphere during the last 400,000 years, did not suffer any significant influence due to the presence of CO2 in the atmosphere, being only between 200 and 280 parts in 1,000,000 of molecule moving causing heat, this shows us pressure of 5 sigma levels or 99.97%. 

This level of 5 sigma is known as the "gold standard of science", to be able to validate a discovery. Therefore, the paradigm of the greenhouse effect, by the absorption and retention of infrared energy (heat) by the CO2 of the atmosphere, as the main source of heat of the planet must be reconsidered. because 99.9% of the gases in the atmosphere do not absorb infrared (heat).It is also concluded that the increase in the temperature in the atmosphere is a consequence of the increase in kinetic movement, of all gases within the atmosphere, and not only of CO2. 

in addition to 99.9% of the atmosphere not absorbing infrared, the consequences of an atmosphere heated by the infrared absorption of the earth, this would be a serious threat to humanity, because it would lead to a self-sufficient and unstoppable movement of heat production, because the molecules of the atmosphere would absorb their own infrared, to increase their kinetic movement, which causes the temperature increase in the atmosphere.

The absorption of ultraviolet energy by 21% of the gases in the atmosphere, in this case oxygen gas, is the best way to explain the heat in the earth, and also the explanation of global warming, because oxygen is a lot of percentage more abundant than greenhouse gases, equivalent to 21% of the entire atmosphere, This process operates as follows in the atmosphere, oxygen causes heat directly when it is ionized, because oxygen becomes a conductor of electricity in the air, therefore it increases the kinetic movement of the atmosphere's gas molecules, increasing the heat, the Joule effect explains this, as an irreversible phenomenon whereby, if a conductor circulates electric current, part of the kinetic energy of the electrons is transformed into heat.

bibliography;



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